Africa's capital markets remain fragmented yet underdeveloped on the global stage. Stock exchanges, corporate debt instruments, and pension fund ecosystems operate across the continent, but they lack the depth and integration seen in mature markets. What's the real bottleneck? Regulatory frameworks, capital accessibility, or institutional capacity? Governments need to go beyond basic oversight—they should actively architect market infrastructure, harmonize cross-border trading rules, and attract institutional capital. Regulators must balance investor protection with innovation flexibility. When these pieces align, Africa's financial markets could become genuine engines for sustainable economic growth and wealth creation.