Hardware fragmentation is truly the bottleneck; software ecosystems can still fork, but wafer fabs can't be copy-pasted.

According to Beating monitoring, China's promotion of computing power independence will trigger a dual-track split in the global open-source ecosystem, with one part entering a China-led technological ecosystem. Under the trend of US closed-source development, global open source will in turn support Chinese innovation; open-source stacks like Huawei CANN promote unified interfaces, forming parallel hardware ecosystems. Under export controls, US developers must either accept China-led open-source systems or rebuild the entire technology stack. In the short term, hardware segmentation will become a key variable in US-China AI competition.